{"id":17558,"date":"2025-12-17T20:44:58","date_gmt":"2025-12-17T17:14:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.itpiran.net\/blog\/?p=17558"},"modified":"2025-12-17T20:46:20","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T17:16:20","slug":"gpu-performance-optimization-deep-learning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.itpiran.net\/blog\/zh\/artificial-intelligence\/gpu-performance-optimization-deep-learning\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60GPU\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u7efc\u5408\u6307\u5357"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-intro\"><span id=\"%da%86%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d9%87%db%8c%d9%86%d9%87%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%af-gpu-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c-%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%af%da%af%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b9\">\u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f GPU \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GPU Performance Optimization for Deep Learning \u06cc\u06a9 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. <strong>\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/strong> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f GPU \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0641\u06cc\u06af \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc I\/O\u060c \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c DevOps\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc MLOps \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc GPU Cloud \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0631 <strong>\u06f8\u06f5+ \u0644\u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646<\/strong>) \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-key-elements\"><span id=\"%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b1-%da%a9%d9%84%db%8c%d8%af%db%8c-%d9%88-%da%86%d8%b4%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b2\">\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645. \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a GPU (compute):<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <em>tensor cores<\/em>\u060c <em>mixed precision<\/em> \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 GPU \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646 (memory):<\/strong> \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 OOM\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <em>activation checkpointing<\/em> \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I\/O \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 (data pipeline):<\/strong> NVMe\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c DALI \u06cc\u0627 tf.data \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc I\/O.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 (network):<\/strong> \u062a\u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u067e\u0647\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 RDMA\/InfiniBand \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a NCCL.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-bottlenecks\"><span id=\"%d8%b4%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%db%8c%db%8c-%da%af%d9%84%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%87%d8%a7\">\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06af\u0631 <strong>GPU utilization<\/strong> \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062f\u0631 CPU \u06cc\u0627 I\/O \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 <em>nvidia-smi<\/em> \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af NVIDIA \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f <em>nsys<\/em> \u0648 <em>Nsight<\/em> \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 SM\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-gpu-commands\"><span id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%81%db%8c%d8%af-nvidia-smi-%d9%88-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%b1%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%be%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%da%98%db%8c\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f nvidia-smi \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u067e\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>nvidia-smi --query-gpu=utilization.gpu,utilization.memory,memory.total,memory.used --format=csv\r\nnvidia-smi topo -m<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-profiling-tools\"><span id=\"%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%da%af-%d9%be%db%8c%d8%b4%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%af%db%8c\">\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>NVIDIA Nsight Systems (nsys)<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>Nsight Compute<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PyTorch Profiler<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>TensorBoard Profiler<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06a9.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 <em>perf<\/em>\u060c <em>atop<\/em> \u0648 <em>iostat<\/em> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc CPU \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <em>nsys<\/em>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>nsys profile --trace=cuda,cudnn,osrt -o my_profile python train.py<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-system-drivers\"><span id=\"%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b8%db%8c%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%88-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7-linux\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 (Linux)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc CUDA\/cuDNN \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0631 NVIDIA\u060c CUDA Toolkit \u0648 cuDNN \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc <strong>persistence-mode<\/strong> \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 GPU clock \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>sudo nvidia-smi -pm 1\r\nsudo nvidia-smi -ac &lt;memClock,graphicsClock&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pk-alert pk-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\" >\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633 (ac) \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<br \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc Docker \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc GPU \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>sudo apt-get install -y nvidia-docker2\r\nsudo systemctl restart docker\r\ndocker run --gpus '\"device=0,1\"' --rm -it your-image:tag bash<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0631 \u0648 nvidia-docker (\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc Ubuntu):<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>sudo apt update &amp;&amp; sudo apt install -y build-essential dkms\r\n# add NVIDIA repository and install driver and cuda-toolkit per NVIDIA guide\r\nsudo apt install -y nvidia-docker2\r\nsudo systemctl restart docker<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-framework-optim\"><span id=\"%d8%a8%d9%87%db%8c%d9%86%d9%87%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d8%b7%d8%ad-%d9%81%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b1%da%a9-pytorch-%d9%88-tensorflow\">\u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06a9 (PyTorch \u0648 TensorFlow)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061b \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0631 throughput \u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-pytorch\"><span id=\"pytorch-%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b8%db%8c%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b3%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%b9-%d9%88-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%db%8c\">PyTorch \u2014 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 cuDNN autotuner \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-python\" data-lang=\"Python\"><code>torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = True<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 mixed precision \u0628\u0627 <em>torch.cuda.amp<\/em> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 tensor cores:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-python\" data-lang=\"Python\"><code>scaler = torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler()\r\nwith torch.cuda.amp.autocast(): outputs = model(inputs)<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DataLoader: \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 <em>num_workers<\/em> \u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 CPU \u06cc\u0627 I\/O \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <em>pin_memory=True<\/em> \u0648 <em>persistent_workers=True<\/em>:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-python\" data-lang=\"Python\"><code>DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=..., num_workers=8, pin_memory=True, persistent_workers=True, prefetch_factor=2)<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 <em>gradient accumulation<\/em> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc batch \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 OOM:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-python\" data-lang=\"Python\"><code>loss = model(...) \/ accumulation_steps\r\nscaler.scale(loss).backward()\r\nif (step+1) % accumulation_steps == 0:\r\n    scaler.step(optimizer)\r\n    scaler.update()\r\n    optimizer.zero_grad()<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-tensorflow\"><span id=\"tensorflow-%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b8%db%8c%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%db%8c\">TensorFlow \u2014 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc mixed precision:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-python\" data-lang=\"Python\"><code>from tensorflow.keras import mixed_precision\r\nmixed_precision.set_global_policy('mixed_float16')<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">tf.data: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 prefetch\u060c map \u0628\u0627 <em>num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE<\/em> \u0648 cache \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-python\" data-lang=\"Python\"><code>dataset = dataset.map(..., num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE).prefetch(tf.data.AUTOTUNE)<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 GPU:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-python\" data-lang=\"Python\"><code>gpus = tf.config.experimental.list_physical_devices('GPU')\r\ntf.config.experimental.set_memory_growth(gpus[0], True)<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-data-io\"><span id=\"%d9%85%d8%af%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%88-i-o\">\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 I\/O<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I\/O \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>NVMe<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 I\/O \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 (Lustre, Ceph) \u06cc\u0627 S3-compatible object store \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 CDN \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc (\u06f8\u06f5+ \u0644\u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646) \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0626\u0648: NVIDIA DALI \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f preprocessing \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 CPU \u0628\u0647 GPU \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 CPU \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-network-distributed\"><span id=\"%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b8%db%8c%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b4%d8%a8%da%a9%d9%87-%d9%88-%d8%a2%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%b4-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%b9%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%87\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0632 NCCL \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 backend \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 GPU\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 RDMA\/InfiniBand \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 TCP \u0631\u0648\u06cc Ethernet \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>export NCCL_DEBUG=INFO\r\nexport NCCL_SOCKET_IFNAME=eth0\r\nexport NCCL_IB_DISABLE=0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 25\/40\/100GbE \u06cc\u0627 InfiniBand \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc PyTorch DDP \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 Docker:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>docker run --gpus all --shm-size=1g --ulimit memlock=-1 --ulimit stack=67108864 your-image\r\npython -m torch.distributed.run --nproc_per_node=4 --nnodes=2 --node_rank=0 --rdzv_endpoint=master:29500 train.py<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-memory-efficiency\"><span id=\"%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b2%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b4-%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%b1%d9%87%d9%88%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b8%d9%87-gpu\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 GPU<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0627\u0647\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mixed precision (FP16)<\/strong> \u0648 tensor cores \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 throughput.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Activation checkpointing<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u200c\u06af\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 <strong>ZeRO (DeepSpeed)<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>FSDP<\/strong> (PyTorch Fully Sharded Data Parallel) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc shard \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 GPU\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 precision \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u0644 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 embedding\u0647\u0627) \u0648 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631 FP32.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-env-vars\"><span id=\"%d9%86%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%86%db%8c-%d9%88-%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ba%db%8c%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%85%d8%ad%db%8c%d8%b7%db%8c-%d9%85%d9%81%db%8c%d8%af\">\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 GPU \u0628\u0627 <code>CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06af \u0627\u0632 <code>CUDA_LAUNCH_BLOCKING=1<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f (\u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f).<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc CPU \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 oversubscription:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>export OMP_NUM_THREADS=4\r\nexport MKL_NUM_THREADS=4<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc NCCL \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627 Ethernet \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>export NCCL_SOCKET_IFNAME=ens5\r\nexport NCCL_IB_DISABLE=1<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-security-ops\"><span id=\"%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%86%db%8c%d8%aa-%d9%88-%d9%85%d8%af%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%aa%db%8c\">\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc SSH \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 snapshot \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u067e\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0631 (nvidia-docker) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u061b \u062f\u0631 Kubernetes \u0627\u0632 NVIDIA Device Plugin \u06cc\u0627 GPU Operator \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a <strong>\u0636\u062f DDoS<\/strong> \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-configs\"><span id=\"%da%a9%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%81%db%8c%da%af-%d9%be%db%8c%d8%b4%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%af%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%b2\">\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0641\u06cc\u06af \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0631:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 (Local \/ Small experiments):<\/strong> 1\u00d7 NVIDIA T4 \u06cc\u0627 RTX 3080, 32\u201364GB RAM, NVMe 1TB, 8 CPU cores.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (Research):<\/strong> 2\u20134\u00d7 A100\/RTX 6000, 256GB RAM, NVMe 2\u20134TB, 32\u201364 CPU cores, 25\u2013100GbE.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c (Inference \/ Low latency):<\/strong> GPU \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b A10\/A30), NVMe \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c Autoscaling clusters\u060c CDN \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af\/\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646:<\/strong> GPU \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u062a FP32 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c VRAM \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0648 NVLink \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-scenarios\"><span id=\"%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%88%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%db%8c-%d9%88-%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87\">\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a GPU:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>watch -n1 nvidia-smi<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0631 PyTorch \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0647 GPU\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>docker run --gpus all --memory=128g --cpus=32 -it my-pytorch:latest bash<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 PyTorch snippet \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc AMP \u0648 DataLoader:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-python\" data-lang=\"Python\"><code>model.train()\r\nscaler = torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler()\r\nfor data, target in dataloader:\r\n    data, target = data.cuda(non_blocking=True), target.cuda(non_blocking=True)\r\n    optimizer.zero_grad()\r\n    with torch.cuda.amp.autocast():\r\n        output = model(data)\r\n        loss = loss_fn(output, target)\r\n    scaler.scale(loss).backward()\r\n    scaler.step(optimizer)\r\n    scaler.update()<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-summary\"><span id=\"%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c-%d9%88-%d9%be%db%8c%d8%b4%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c%db%8c\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f GPU \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 (GPU\u060c NVMe\u060c \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639)\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u067e\u200c\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 <strong>mixed precision<\/strong>\u060c <strong>activation checkpointing<\/strong> \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pk-alert pk-alert-info\" role=\"alert\" >\n\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 GPU Cloud \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc GPU \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c NVMe\u060c \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u200c\u062a\u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0636\u062f DDoS \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 <strong>\u06f8\u06f5 \u0644\u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646<\/strong> \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<br \/>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-faq\"><span id=\"%d8%b3%d8%a4%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84\">\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"collapsibles-6a03b5ea61544\" class=\"pk-collapsibles\" role=\"tablist\" aria-multiselectable=\"true\">\n<div class=\"pk-collapsible pk-card \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-card-header\" role=\"tab\" id=\"card-6a03b5ea61483\">\n\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"pk-card-title pk-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"pk-font-heading\" href=\"#pk-collapse-6a03b5ea61483\" data-parent=\"#pk-collapsibles-6a03b5ea61544\" aria-controls=\"collapse-6a03b5ea61483\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u06f1. \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 GPU \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u062f\u0647\u0645\u061f\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"pk-collapse-6a03b5ea61483\" class=\"pk-collapse\" style=\"display:none;\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"card-6a03b5ea61483\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-card-body\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc GPU utilization \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f nvidia-smi \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0627 nsys\/Nsight \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc GPU \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 CPU\/I\/O.<br \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<div class=\"pk-collapsible pk-card \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-card-header\" role=\"tab\" id=\"card-6a03b5ea614b1\">\n\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"pk-card-title pk-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"pk-font-heading\" href=\"#pk-collapse-6a03b5ea614b1\" data-parent=\"#pk-collapsibles-6a03b5ea61544\" aria-controls=\"collapse-6a03b5ea614b1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u06f2. \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 mixed precision \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"pk-collapse-6a03b5ea614b1\" class=\"pk-collapse\" style=\"display:none;\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"card-6a03b5ea614b1\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-card-body\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0647\u061b mixed precision \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 throughput \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 FP32 \u0646\u06af\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f.<br \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<div class=\"pk-collapsible pk-card \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-card-header\" role=\"tab\" id=\"card-6a03b5ea614da\">\n\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"pk-card-title pk-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"pk-font-heading\" href=\"#pk-collapse-6a03b5ea614da\" data-parent=\"#pk-collapsibles-6a03b5ea61544\" aria-controls=\"collapse-6a03b5ea614da\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u06f3. \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"pk-collapse-6a03b5ea614da\" class=\"pk-collapse\" style=\"display:none;\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"card-6a03b5ea614da\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-card-body\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc NVMe \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 Lustre\/Ceph \u06cc\u0627 S3-compatible \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<br \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<div class=\"pk-collapsible pk-card \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-card-header\" role=\"tab\" id=\"card-6a03b5ea614ff\">\n\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"pk-card-title pk-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"pk-font-heading\" href=\"#pk-collapse-6a03b5ea614ff\" data-parent=\"#pk-collapsibles-6a03b5ea61544\" aria-controls=\"collapse-6a03b5ea614ff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u06f4. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0686\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"pk-collapse-6a03b5ea614ff\" class=\"pk-collapse\" style=\"display:none;\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"card-6a03b5ea614ff\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-card-body\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 25\/40\/100GbE \u06cc\u0627 InfiniBand \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u0627\u06af\u0631 RDMA\/InfiniBand \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f.<br \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<div class=\"pk-collapsible pk-card \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-card-header\" role=\"tab\" id=\"card-6a03b5ea61524\">\n\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"pk-card-title pk-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"pk-font-heading\" href=\"#pk-collapse-6a03b5ea61524\" data-parent=\"#pk-collapsibles-6a03b5ea61544\" aria-controls=\"collapse-6a03b5ea61524\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u06f5. \u0686\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061f\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"pk-collapse-6a03b5ea61524\" class=\"pk-collapse\" style=\"display:none;\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"card-6a03b5ea61524\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-card-body\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\nNVIDIA Nsight Systems (nsys)\u060c Nsight Compute\u060c PyTorch Profiler \u0648 TensorBoard Profiler \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06a9 \u0648 perf\/atop\/iostat \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<br \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 GPU \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u062f\u0647\u0645\u061f\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc GPU utilization \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f nvidia-smi \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0627 nsys\/Nsight \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc GPU \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 CPU\/I\/O.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 mixed precision \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0647\u061b mixed precision \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 throughput \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 FP32 \u0646\u06af\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc NVMe \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 Lustre\/Ceph 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\u0628\u0648\u062f.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u0686\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061f\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"NVIDIA Nsight Systems (nsys)\u060c Nsight Compute\u060c PyTorch Profiler \u0648 TensorBoard Profiler \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06a9 \u0648 perf\/atop\/iostat \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 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