{"id":16817,"date":"2025-09-28T10:45:04","date_gmt":"2025-09-28T07:15:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.itpiran.net\/blog\/?p=16817"},"modified":"2025-09-28T10:45:04","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T07:15:04","slug":"50-essential-linux-commands-a-comprehensive-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.itpiran.net\/blog\/tutorials\/50-essential-linux-commands-a-comprehensive-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f5\u06f0 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633: \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0686\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0648 \u0639\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u060c \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0632\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0645\u0648\u062e\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f5\u06f0 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0645\u0648\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d9%be%db%8c%d8%b4%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%87%d8%a7\">\u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>ls &#8211; \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>pwd &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>cd &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>mkdir &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>mv &#8211; \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>cp &#8211; \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 mv \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>rm &#8211; \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>touch &#8211; \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\/\u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc.<\/li>\n<li>ln &#8211; \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646 (\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627) \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>clear &#8211; \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>cat &#8211; \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>echo &#8211; \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>less &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>man &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>uname &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>whoami &#8211; \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>tar &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>grep &#8211; \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc.<\/li>\n<li>head &#8211; \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>tail &#8211; \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>diff &#8211; \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>cmp &#8211; \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>comm &#8211; \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f diff \u0648 cmp \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>sort &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>export &#8211; \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>zip &#8211; \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u067e \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>unzip &#8211; \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u067e \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>ssh &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 Secure Shell \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>service &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>ps &#8211; \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>kill \u0648 killall &#8211; \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>df &#8211; \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9.<\/li>\n<li>mount &#8211; \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 mount \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>chmod &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>chown &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>ifconfig &#8211; \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc IP.<\/li>\n<li>traceroute &#8211; \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>wget &#8211; \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>ufw &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>iptables &#8211; \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>apt\u060c pacman\u060c yum\u060c rpm &#8211; \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>sudo &#8211; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>cal &#8211; \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>alias &#8211; \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>dd &#8211; \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0634 \u0645\u0645\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc USB \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>whereis &#8211; \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>whatis &#8211; \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>top &#8211; \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>useradd \u0648 usermod &#8211; \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>passwd &#8211; \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%84-%d9%88-%d8%af%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b1%da%a9%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%db%8c\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Command<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ls<\/td>\n<td>List directory contents.<\/td>\n<td><code>ls<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cd<\/td>\n<td>Change directory.<\/td>\n<td><code>cd \/path\/to\/directory<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>pwd<\/td>\n<td>Show current directory.<\/td>\n<td><code>pwd<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mkdir<\/td>\n<td>Create a new directory.<\/td>\n<td><code>mkdir new_directory<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rmdir<\/td>\n<td>Remove an empty directory.<\/td>\n<td><code>rmdir empty_directory<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rm<\/td>\n<td>Delete files or directories.<\/td>\n<td><code>rm file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>touch<\/td>\n<td>Create an empty file.<\/td>\n<td><code>touch new_file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cp<\/td>\n<td>Copy files or directories.<\/td>\n<td><code>cp file.txt \/path\/to\/destination<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mv<\/td>\n<td>Move or rename files.<\/td>\n<td><code>mv file.txt \/path\/to\/new_location<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cat<\/td>\n<td>Display file contents.<\/td>\n<td><code>cat file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nano \/ vim<\/td>\n<td>Edit files in terminal.<\/td>\n<td><code>nano file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>find<\/td>\n<td>Search for files in a directory hierarchy.<\/td>\n<td><code>find . -name \"file.txt\"<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>grep<\/td>\n<td>Search text using patterns.<\/td>\n<td><code>grep \"pattern\" file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>tar<\/td>\n<td>Archive and compress files.<\/td>\n<td><code>tar -cvf archive.tar file1.txt file2.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>df<\/td>\n<td>Show disk usage of file systems.<\/td>\n<td><code>df<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>du<\/td>\n<td>Show directory\/file size.<\/td>\n<td><code>du -sh \/path\/to\/directory<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>chmod<\/td>\n<td>Change file permissions.<\/td>\n<td><code>chmod 755 file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>chown<\/td>\n<td>Change file owner.<\/td>\n<td><code>chown user:group file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mount<\/td>\n<td>Mount a filesystem.<\/td>\n<td><code>mount \/dev\/sdb1 \/mnt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>umount<\/td>\n<td>Unmount a filesystem.<\/td>\n<td><code>umount \/mnt<br \/>\n<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b4%d8%a8%da%a9%d9%87\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Command<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<th>Sample Usage<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ping<\/td>\n<td>Test connectivity to a host.<\/td>\n<td><code>ping google.com<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ifconfig \/ ip a<\/td>\n<td>Display network interfaces.<\/td>\n<td><code>ifconfig<\/code><span>\u00a0<\/span>or<span>\u00a0<\/span><code>ip a<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>netstat \/ ss<\/td>\n<td>Show network connections.<\/td>\n<td><code>netstat -tuln<\/code><span>\u00a0<\/span>or<span>\u00a0<\/span><code>ss -tuln<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>wget<\/td>\n<td>Download files via HTTP\/FTP.<\/td>\n<td><code>wget http:\/\/example.com\/file.zip<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>curl<\/td>\n<td>Transfer data using URL syntax.<\/td>\n<td><code>curl -O http:\/\/example.com\/file.zip<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nc (Netcat)<\/td>\n<td>Network debugging and data transfer.<\/td>\n<td><code>nc -zv 192.168.1.1 80<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>tcpdump<\/td>\n<td>Capture and analyze network packets.<\/td>\n<td><code>tcpdump -i eth0<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>iptables<\/td>\n<td>Configure firewall rules.<\/td>\n<td><code>iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>traceroute<\/td>\n<td>Trace the path packets take to a network host.<\/td>\n<td><code>traceroute example.com<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nslookup<\/td>\n<td>Query DNS to obtain domain name or IP address mapping.<\/td>\n<td><code>nslookup example.com<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ssh<\/td>\n<td>Securely connect to a remote host.<\/td>\n<td><code>ssh user@example.com<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a2%db%8c%d9%86%d8%af-%d9%88-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Command<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<th>Example Command<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ps<\/td>\n<td>Show running processes.<\/td>\n<td><code>ps aux<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>top<\/td>\n<td>Dynamic process viewer.<\/td>\n<td><code>top<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>htop<\/td>\n<td>Enhanced version of top.<\/td>\n<td><code>htop<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>kill<\/td>\n<td>Send a signal to a process.<\/td>\n<td><code>kill &lt;PID&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>killall<\/td>\n<td>Kill processes by name.<\/td>\n<td><code>killall &lt;process_name&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>uptime<\/td>\n<td>System uptime and load.<\/td>\n<td><code>uptime<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>whoami<\/td>\n<td>Current logged-in user.<\/td>\n<td><code>whoami<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>env<\/td>\n<td>Display environment variables.<\/td>\n<td><code>env<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>strace<\/td>\n<td>Trace system calls of a process.<\/td>\n<td><code>strace -p &lt;PID&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>systemctl<\/td>\n<td>Manage systemd services.<\/td>\n<td><code>systemctl status &lt;service_name&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>journalctl<\/td>\n<td>View system logs.<\/td>\n<td><code>journalctl -xe<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>free<\/td>\n<td>Display memory usage.<\/td>\n<td><code>free -h<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>vmstat<\/td>\n<td>Report virtual memory statistics.<\/td>\n<td><code>vmstat 1<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>iostat<\/td>\n<td>Report CPU and I\/O statistics.<\/td>\n<td><code>iostat<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>lsof<\/td>\n<td>List open files by processes.<\/td>\n<td><code>lsof<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>dmesg<\/td>\n<td>Print kernel ring buffer messages.<\/td>\n<td><code>dmesg<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%af%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%aa-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%88-%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%b2\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Command<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<th>Example Command<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>passwd<\/td>\n<td>Change user password.<\/td>\n<td><code>passwd &lt;username&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>adduser \/ useradd<\/td>\n<td>Add a new user.<\/td>\n<td><code>adduser &lt;username&gt;<\/code><span>\u00a0<\/span>or<span>\u00a0<\/span><code>useradd &lt;username&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>deluser \/ userdel<\/td>\n<td>Delete a user.<\/td>\n<td><code>deluser &lt;username&gt;<\/code><span>\u00a0<\/span>or<span>\u00a0<\/span><code>userdel &lt;username&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>usermod<\/td>\n<td>Modify user account.<\/td>\n<td><code>usermod -aG &lt;group&gt; &lt;username&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>groups<\/td>\n<td>Show group memberships.<\/td>\n<td><code>groups &lt;username&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sudo<\/td>\n<td>Execute commands as root.<\/td>\n<td><code>sudo &lt;command&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>chage<\/td>\n<td>Change user password expiry information.<\/td>\n<td><code>chage -l &lt;username&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>id<\/td>\n<td>Display user identity information.<\/td>\n<td><code>id &lt;username&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>newgrp<\/td>\n<td>Log in to a new group.<\/td>\n<td><code>newgrp &lt;group&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%81%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%84-%d9%88-%d9%87%d9%85%da%af%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06af\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Command<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<th>Example Command<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>scp<\/td>\n<td>Securely copy files over SSH.<\/td>\n<td><code>scp user@remote:\/path\/to\/file \/local\/destination<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rsync<\/td>\n<td>Efficiently sync files and directories.<\/td>\n<td><code>rsync -avz \/local\/directory\/ user@remote:\/path\/to\/destination<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ftp<\/td>\n<td>Transfer files using the File Transfer Protocol.<\/td>\n<td><code>ftp ftp.example.com<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sftp<\/td>\n<td>Securely transfer files using SSH File Transfer Protocol.<\/td>\n<td><code>sftp user@remote:\/path\/to\/file<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>wget<\/td>\n<td>Download files from the web.<\/td>\n<td><code>wget http:\/\/example.com\/file.zip<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>curl<\/td>\n<td>Transfer data from or to a server.<\/td>\n<td><code>curl -O http:\/\/example.com\/file.zip<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%be%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b2%d8%b4-%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%86\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u0646<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Command<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<th>Example Command<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>awk<\/td>\n<td>Pattern scanning and processing.<\/td>\n<td><code>awk '{print $1}' file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sed<\/td>\n<td>Stream editor for filtering\/modifying text.<\/td>\n<td><code>sed 's\/old\/new\/g' file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cut<\/td>\n<td>Remove sections from lines of text.<\/td>\n<td><code>cut -d':' -f1 \/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sort<\/td>\n<td>Sort lines of text.<\/td>\n<td><code>sort file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>grep<\/td>\n<td>Search for patterns in text.<\/td>\n<td><code>grep 'pattern' file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>wc<\/td>\n<td>Count words, lines, and characters.<\/td>\n<td><code>wc -l file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>paste<\/td>\n<td>Merge lines of files.<\/td>\n<td><code>paste file1.txt file2.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>join<\/td>\n<td>Join lines of two files on a common field.<\/td>\n<td><code>join file1.txt file2.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>head<\/td>\n<td>Output the first part of files.<\/td>\n<td><code>head -n 10 file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>tail<\/td>\n<td>Output the last part of files.<\/td>\n<td><code>tail -n 10 file.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%af%db%8c-%d9%88-%d9%85%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-shell\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc Shell<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Command<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<th>Example Command<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>alias<\/td>\n<td>Create shortcuts for commands.<\/td>\n<td><code>alias ll='ls -la'<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>unalias<\/td>\n<td>Remove an alias.<\/td>\n<td><code>unalias ll<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>history<\/td>\n<td>Show previously entered commands.<\/td>\n<td><code>history<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>clear<\/td>\n<td>Clear the terminal screen.<\/td>\n<td><code>clear<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>reboot<\/td>\n<td>Reboot the system.<\/td>\n<td><code>reboot<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>shutdown<\/td>\n<td>Power off the system.<\/td>\n<td><code>shutdown now<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>date<\/td>\n<td>Display or set the system date and time.<\/td>\n<td><code>date<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>echo<\/td>\n<td>Display a line of text.<\/td>\n<td><code>echo \"Hello, World!\"<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sleep<\/td>\n<td>Delay for a specified amount of time.<\/td>\n<td><code>sleep 5<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>time<\/td>\n<td>Measure the duration of command execution.<\/td>\n<td><code>time ls<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>watch<\/td>\n<td>Execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen.<\/td>\n<td><code>watch -n 5 df -h<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-ls-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ls \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ls \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# ln -s &lt;source path&gt; &lt;link name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-80x8.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"1095\"  height=\"116\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16824 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1095px) 100vw, 1095px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default.png 1095w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-300x32.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-1024x108.png 1024w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-768x81.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-110x12.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-200x21.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-380x40.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-255x27.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-550x58.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-800x85.png 800w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101102\/ls-command-default-80x8.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0622\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-pwd-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 pwd \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 pwd \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0686\u0627\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101509\/pwd-default-output-1-80x8.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"588\"  height=\"58\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16825 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101509\/pwd-default-output-1.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101509\/pwd-default-output-1.png 588w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101509\/pwd-default-output-1-300x30.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101509\/pwd-default-output-1-110x11.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101509\/pwd-default-output-1-200x20.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101509\/pwd-default-output-1-380x37.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101509\/pwd-default-output-1-255x25.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101509\/pwd-default-output-1-550x54.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101509\/pwd-default-output-1-80x8.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<p>\u062e\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-cd-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cd \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u06a9 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cd \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0633\u062a cd \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646 directory \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# cd &lt;directory path&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101828\/cd-command-default-80x31.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"392\"  height=\"153\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16826 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101828\/cd-command-default.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101828\/cd-command-default.png 392w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101828\/cd-command-default-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101828\/cd-command-default-110x43.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101828\/cd-command-default-200x78.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101828\/cd-command-default-380x148.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101828\/cd-command-default-255x100.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/19101828\/cd-command-default-80x31.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc cd \/etc\/ \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \/etc \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 pwd \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u067e \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-mkdir-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 mkdir \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 mkdir \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# mkdir &lt;folder name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21094839\/mkdir-default-80x19.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"546\"  height=\"130\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16832 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21094839\/mkdir-default.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21094839\/mkdir-default.png 546w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21094839\/mkdir-default-300x71.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21094839\/mkdir-default-110x26.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21094839\/mkdir-default-200x48.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21094839\/mkdir-default-380x90.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21094839\/mkdir-default-255x61.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21094839\/mkdir-default-80x19.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc JournalDev \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-cp-%d9%88-mv\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a cp \u0648 mv<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a cp \u0648 mv \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a copy-paste \u0648 cut-paste \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 mv \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# cp &lt;source&gt; &lt;destination&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095250\/Cp-command-default-80x33.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"431\"  height=\"176\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16833 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095250\/Cp-command-default.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095250\/Cp-command-default.png 431w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095250\/Cp-command-default-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095250\/Cp-command-default-110x45.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095250\/Cp-command-default-200x82.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095250\/Cp-command-default-380x155.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095250\/Cp-command-default-255x104.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095250\/Cp-command-default-80x33.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 Sample \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645. \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 mv \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0686\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# mv &lt;source&gt; &lt;destination<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095344\/mv-command-default-80x23.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"547\"  height=\"157\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16834 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 547px) 100vw, 547px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095344\/mv-command-default.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095344\/mv-command-default.png 547w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095344\/mv-command-default-300x86.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095344\/mv-command-default-110x32.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095344\/mv-command-default-200x57.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095344\/mv-command-default-380x109.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095344\/mv-command-default-255x73.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095344\/mv-command-default-80x23.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-rm-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 rm \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 Sample-Copy \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 rm \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# rm &lt;file name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095509\/rm-default-80x24.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"438\"  height=\"130\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16835 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095509\/rm-default.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095509\/rm-default.png 438w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095509\/rm-default-300x89.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095509\/rm-default-110x33.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095509\/rm-default-200x59.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095509\/rm-default-380x113.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095509\/rm-default-255x76.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21095509\/rm-default-80x24.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 -r \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 -r\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 rm \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a -r \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 rm \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 &#8220;recursive&#8221; \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 rm \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"pk-alert pk-alert-info\" role=\"alert\" >\n\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647: \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 rm \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u067e\u0634\u0646 -r \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u067e\u0634\u0646 -i \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u067e\u0634\u0646 -r \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc mydir \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# rm -ri mydir<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc mydir \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f.<br \/>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-touch-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 touch \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 touch \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# touch &lt;file name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102204\/touch-command-default-80x23.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"440\"  height=\"127\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16836 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102204\/touch-command-default.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102204\/touch-command-default.png 440w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102204\/touch-command-default-300x87.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102204\/touch-command-default-110x32.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102204\/touch-command-default-200x58.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102204\/touch-command-default-380x110.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102204\/touch-command-default-255x74.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102204\/touch-command-default-80x23.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-ln-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ln \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ln \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# ln -s &lt;source path&gt; &lt;link name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102322\/symbolic-link-default-80x24.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"669\"  height=\"201\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16837 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102322\/symbolic-link-default.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102322\/symbolic-link-default.png 669w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102322\/symbolic-link-default-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102322\/symbolic-link-default-110x33.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102322\/symbolic-link-default-200x60.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102322\/symbolic-link-default-380x114.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102322\/symbolic-link-default-255x77.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102322\/symbolic-link-default-550x165.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102322\/symbolic-link-default-80x24.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645 -s \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646 (\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f) \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ln \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pk-alert pk-alert-info pk-alert-multiline\" role=\"alert\" >\n\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647: \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0633\u062e\u062a\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<br \/>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-clear-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 clear \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 clear \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 clear \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# clear<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0686\u067e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 clear \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# ls -l; clear<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pk-alert pk-alert-info pk-alert-multiline\" role=\"alert\" >\n\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647: \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 clear \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f.<br \/>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-cat%d8%8c-echo-%d9%88-less\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a cat\u060c echo \u0648 less<\/h2>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a cat \u06cc\u0627 echo \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# cat &lt;file name&gt;\r\nroot@ubuntu:~# echo &lt;Text to print on terminal&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands-80x14.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"825\"  height=\"141\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16838 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands.png 825w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands-300x51.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands-768x131.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands-110x19.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands-200x34.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands-380x65.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands-255x44.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands-550x94.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands-800x137.png 800w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/21102803\/cat-and-echo-commands-80x14.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cat\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 echo \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 less \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 less \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc enter \u06cc\u0627 space \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06af\u0631 pipe (|) \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# cat \/boot\/grub\/grub.cfg | less<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"pk-alert pk-alert-info pk-alert-multiline\" role=\"alert\" >\n\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645 -S \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 less \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0641\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645 -N \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 less \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# cat \/boot\/grub\/grub.cfg | less -SN<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 less \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06af\u0631 pipe \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f top \u06cc\u0627 htop.<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f grep \u06cc\u0627 cat.<\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-man-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 man \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 man \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f. \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 man \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 man \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 man ls \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ls \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# man ls<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>OutputLS(1) User Commands LS(1)\r\n\r\nNAME\r\n         ls - list directory contents\r\n\r\nSYNOPSIS\r\n         ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...\r\n\r\nDESCRIPTION\r\n         List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).\r\n\r\n         Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.\r\n\r\n         Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.\r\n\r\n         -a, --all\r\n                do not ignore entries starting with .\r\n\r\n         -A, --almost-all\r\n                do not list implied . and ..\r\n\r\n         -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification\r\n         of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort\r\n         by name;\r\n...<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-uname-%d9%88-whoami\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a uname \u0648 whoami<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a uname \u0648 whoami \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 uname \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 whoami \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 &#8220;who am I?&#8221; \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# uname -a<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands-80x10.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"987\"  height=\"127\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16841 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 987px) 100vw, 987px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands.png 987w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands-300x39.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands-768x99.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands-110x14.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands-200x26.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands-380x49.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands-255x33.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands-550x71.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands-800x103.png 800w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25104737\/uname-and-whoami-commands-80x10.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 -a \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 uname \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 &#8220;all&#8221; \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f &#8220;Linux&#8221; \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pk-alert pk-alert-info pk-alert-multiline\" role=\"alert\" >\n\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647: \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 uname \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u200euname -s\u200e \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 uname -n \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 uname -r \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 uname -v \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 uname -m \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/div><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-tar%d8%8c-zip-%d9%88-unzip\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a tar\u060c zip \u0648 unzip<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 tar \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u0648 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 tar \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 -c \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 -x \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>#Compress\r\nroot@ubuntu:~# tar -cvf &lt;archive name&gt; &lt;files separated by space&gt;\r\n#Extract\r\nroot@ubuntu:~# tar -xvf &lt;archive name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25110859\/tar-basic-usage-80x22.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"629\"  height=\"170\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16842 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25110859\/tar-basic-usage.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25110859\/tar-basic-usage.png 629w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25110859\/tar-basic-usage-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25110859\/tar-basic-usage-110x30.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25110859\/tar-basic-usage-200x54.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25110859\/tar-basic-usage-380x103.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25110859\/tar-basic-usage-255x69.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25110859\/tar-basic-usage-550x149.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25110859\/tar-basic-usage-80x22.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 Compress.tar \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 New-File \u0648 New-File-Link \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645. \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a zip \u0648 unzip \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# zip &lt;archive name&gt; &lt;file names separated by space&gt;\r\nroot@ubuntu:~# unzip &lt;archive name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25111822\/zip-unzip-commands-80x29.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"591\"  height=\"212\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16843 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25111822\/zip-unzip-commands.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25111822\/zip-unzip-commands.png 591w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25111822\/zip-unzip-commands-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25111822\/zip-unzip-commands-110x39.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25111822\/zip-unzip-commands-200x72.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25111822\/zip-unzip-commands-380x136.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25111822\/zip-unzip-commands-255x91.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25111822\/zip-unzip-commands-550x197.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25111822\/zip-unzip-commands-80x29.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 unzip \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-grep-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 grep \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 grep \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 grep \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a &#8220;\u0686\u0627\u067e \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc&#8221; \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# &lt;Any command with output&gt; | grep \"&lt;string to find&gt;\"<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-head-%d9%88-tail\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a head \u0648 tail<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a head \u0648 tail \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a head \u0648 tail \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636 10 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 -n \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a head \u0648 tail \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# head &lt;file name&gt;\r\nroot@ubuntu:~# tail &lt;file name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114016\/head-command-80x43.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"519\"  height=\"282\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16844 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114016\/head-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114016\/head-command.png 519w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114016\/head-command-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114016\/head-command-110x60.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114016\/head-command-200x109.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114016\/head-command-380x206.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114016\/head-command-255x139.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114016\/head-command-80x42.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 head\u060c 10 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114117\/tail-command-80x37.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"618\"  height=\"284\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16845 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114117\/tail-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114117\/tail-command.png 618w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114117\/tail-command-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114117\/tail-command-110x51.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114117\/tail-command-200x92.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114117\/tail-command-380x175.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114117\/tail-command-255x117.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114117\/tail-command-550x253.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25114117\/tail-command-80x37.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 tail\u060c \u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0637 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-diff%d8%8c-comm-%d9%88-cmp\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a diff\u060c comm \u0648 cmp<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a diff\u060c comm \u0648 cmp \u0647\u0645\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# diff &lt;file 1&gt; &lt;file 2&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115116\/diff-command-80x25.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"510\"  height=\"161\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16846 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115116\/diff-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115116\/diff-command.png 510w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115116\/diff-command-300x95.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115116\/diff-command-110x35.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115116\/diff-command-200x63.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115116\/diff-command-380x120.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115116\/diff-command-255x81.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115116\/diff-command-80x25.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u00bb \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 New-File-Edited \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cmp \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# cmp &lt;file 1&gt; &lt;file 2&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115328\/cmp-command-80x13.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"495\"  height=\"80\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16847 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 495px) 100vw, 495px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115328\/cmp-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115328\/cmp-command.png 495w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115328\/cmp-command-300x48.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115328\/cmp-command-110x18.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115328\/cmp-command-200x32.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115328\/cmp-command-380x61.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115328\/cmp-command-255x41.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115328\/cmp-command-80x13.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cmp \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0637 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 comm \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# comm &lt;file 1&gt; &lt;file2&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115422\/comm-command-80x23.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"672\"  height=\"197\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16848 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115422\/comm-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115422\/comm-command.png 672w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115422\/comm-command-300x88.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115422\/comm-command-110x32.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115422\/comm-command-200x59.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115422\/comm-command-380x111.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115422\/comm-command-255x75.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115422\/comm-command-550x161.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115422\/comm-command-80x23.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0686\u067e \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06f1 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u200c\u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06f2 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0632 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 comm \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a diff\u060c comm \u0648 cmp\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-sort-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sort \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sort \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sort \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# sort &lt;filename&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115651\/sort-command-80x33.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"535\"  height=\"222\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16849 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 535px) 100vw, 535px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115651\/sort-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115651\/sort-command.png 535w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115651\/sort-command-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115651\/sort-command-110x46.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115651\/sort-command-200x83.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115651\/sort-command-380x158.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115651\/sort-command-255x106.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/25115651\/sort-command-80x33.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sort \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 ASCII \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 -n \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 -n \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# sort -n file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc file.txt \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sort \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 -k \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 -k \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# sort -k 2 file.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 file.txt \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sort \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sort\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u06cc\u0641 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sort \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-export-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 export \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 export \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 export \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# export &lt;variable name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/26114108\/export-environment-variables-80x10.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"455\"  height=\"58\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16851 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 455px) 100vw, 455px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/26114108\/export-environment-variables.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/26114108\/export-environment-variables.png 455w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/26114108\/export-environment-variables-300x38.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/26114108\/export-environment-variables-110x14.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/26114108\/export-environment-variables-200x25.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/26114108\/export-environment-variables-380x48.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/26114108\/export-environment-variables-255x33.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/26114108\/export-environment-variables-80x10.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-ssh-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ssh \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ssh \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 shell \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ssh \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ ssh username@remote-server<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 ssh \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"pk-alert pk-alert-info pk-alert-multiline\" role=\"alert\" >\n\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ssh \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a (\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647)<\/li>\n<li>\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 X11<\/li>\n<li>\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc SSH<br \/>\n<\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c%d8%b3-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 service \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u062f\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0633\u200c\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 service \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 systemctl \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 systemd \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ service ssh status\r\nroot@ubuntu:~ service ssh stop\r\nroot@ubuntu:~ service ssh start<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command-80x27.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"955\"  height=\"323\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16853 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 955px) 100vw, 955px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command.png 955w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command-768x260.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command-110x37.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command-200x68.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command-380x129.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command-255x86.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command-550x186.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command-800x271.png 800w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100504\/service-command-80x27.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 ssh \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-ps%d8%8c-kill-%d9%88-killall\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a ps\u060c kill \u0648 killall<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a ps\u060c kill \u0648 killall \u0647\u0645\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ps \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ps \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ ps -ef<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f (PID) \u062e\u0627\u0635:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ ps -p PID<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ ps\r\nroot@ubuntu:~ kill &lt;process ID&gt;\r\nroot@ubuntu:~ killall &lt;process name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0633\u200c\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f &amp;\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0633\u200c\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f bash \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 PID 14490 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100951\/ps-command-80x49.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"517\"  height=\"316\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16854 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100951\/ps-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100951\/ps-command.png 517w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100951\/ps-command-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100951\/ps-command-110x67.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100951\/ps-command-200x122.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100951\/ps-command-380x232.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100951\/ps-command-255x156.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27100951\/ps-command-80x48.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 kill\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f kill \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646 PID (\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f) \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102747\/kill-command-80x22.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"762\"  height=\"212\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16855 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 762px) 100vw, 762px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102747\/kill-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102747\/kill-command.png 762w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102747\/kill-command-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102747\/kill-command-110x31.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102747\/kill-command-200x56.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102747\/kill-command-380x106.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102747\/kill-command-255x71.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102747\/kill-command-550x153.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102747\/kill-command-80x22.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 killall \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102847\/killall-command-80x26.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"703\"  height=\"229\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16856 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 703px) 100vw, 703px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102847\/killall-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102847\/killall-command.png 703w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102847\/killall-command-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102847\/killall-command-110x36.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102847\/killall-command-200x65.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102847\/killall-command-380x124.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102847\/killall-command-255x83.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102847\/killall-command-550x179.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27102847\/killall-command-80x26.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 PID 14490 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f sleep \u0631\u0627 kill \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-df-%d9%88-mount\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a df \u0648 mount<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a df \u0648 mount \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc mount \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 df \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 mount \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc mount \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0645 mount\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645. \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc mount \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ mount \/dev\/cdrom \/mnt\r\nroot@ubuntu:~ df -h<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \/dev\/cdrom \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \/dev \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. mnt \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \/mnt \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u0645 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 df \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 df \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 -h \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103017\/df-command-80x38.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"553\"  height=\"265\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16857 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 553px) 100vw, 553px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103017\/df-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103017\/df-command.png 553w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103017\/df-command-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103017\/df-command-110x53.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103017\/df-command-200x96.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103017\/df-command-380x182.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103017\/df-command-255x122.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103017\/df-command-550x265.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103017\/df-command-80x38.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-chmod-%d9%88-chown\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a chmod \u0648 chown<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a chmod \u0648 chown \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chmod \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chown \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chmod &lt;parameter&gt; filename \u0648 chown &lt;user:group&gt; filename \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ chmod +x loop.sh\r\nroot@ubuntu:~ chmod root:root loop.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103133\/chmod-command-80x26.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"496\"  height=\"159\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16858 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103133\/chmod-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103133\/chmod-command.png 496w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103133\/chmod-command-300x96.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103133\/chmod-command-110x35.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103133\/chmod-command-200x64.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103133\/chmod-command-380x122.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103133\/chmod-command-255x82.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103133\/chmod-command-80x26.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chmod \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 loop.sh \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chown\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 root \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 root \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103226\/chown-command-80x20.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"614\"  height=\"157\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16859 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103226\/chown-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103226\/chown-command.png 614w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103226\/chown-command-300x77.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103226\/chown-command-110x28.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103226\/chown-command-200x51.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103226\/chown-command-380x97.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103226\/chown-command-255x65.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103226\/chown-command-550x141.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103226\/chown-command-80x20.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 (root) \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 www-data \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-ifconfig-%d9%88-traceroute\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a ifconfig \u0648 traceroute<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a ifconfig \u0648 traceroute \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ifconfig \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc IP\u060c \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc MAC \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ ifconfig<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103534\/ifconfig-command-80x22.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"753\"  height=\"206\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16860 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 753px) 100vw, 753px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103534\/ifconfig-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103534\/ifconfig-command.png 753w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103534\/ifconfig-command-300x82.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103534\/ifconfig-command-110x30.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103534\/ifconfig-command-200x55.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103534\/ifconfig-command-380x104.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103534\/ifconfig-command-255x70.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103534\/ifconfig-command-550x150.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103534\/ifconfig-command-80x22.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 traceroute \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0637\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 traceroute\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 IP\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ traceroute &lt;destination address&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103719\/traceroute-command-80x15.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"643\"  height=\"120\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16861 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103719\/traceroute-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103719\/traceroute-command.png 643w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103719\/traceroute-command-300x56.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103719\/traceroute-command-110x21.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103719\/traceroute-command-200x37.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103719\/traceroute-command-380x71.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103719\/traceroute-command-255x48.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103719\/traceroute-command-550x103.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27103719\/traceroute-command-80x15.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 localhost \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0627\u0645 (\u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647) \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 IP \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-wget-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 wget \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 wget \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 wget \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a HTML \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 wget \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ wget &lt;link to file&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u06cc\u0627\u060c<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~ wget -c &lt;link to file&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0622\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 -c \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-ufw-%d9%88-iptables\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a ufw \u0648 iptables<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a ufw \u0648 iptables \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>UFW \u0648 IPTables \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 netfilter \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. IPTables \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 Netfilter \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 UFW \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 IPTables \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 Netfilter \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc IPTables \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0647 UFW \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u061f \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 IPTables \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. UFW \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06f8\u06f0 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT\r\nroot@ubuntu:~# ufw allow 80<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u0631\u0627 UFW \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f! \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u0622\u0646 \u0686\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 UFW \u06cc\u0627 IPTables \u0631\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d9%85%d8%af%db%8c%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 apt \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0631\u062f \u0647\u062a\u060c \u0622\u0631\u0686 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pk-alert pk-alert-info pk-alert-multiline\" role=\"alert\" >\n\n<ul>\n<li>Debian and Debian-based distros &#8211; apt install &lt;package name&gt;<\/li>\n<li>Arch and Arch-based distros &#8211; pacman -S &lt;package name&gt;<\/li>\n<li>Red Hat and Red Hat-based distros &#8211; yum install &lt;package name&gt;<\/li>\n<li>Fedora and CentOS &#8211; yum install &lt;package&gt;<br \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/package><\/package><\/package><\/package><package name=\"\"><package name=\"\"><package name=\"\"><package><\/package><\/package><\/package><\/package><package name=\"\"><package name=\"\"><package name=\"\"><package><\/package><\/package><\/package><\/package><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<package name=\"\"><package name=\"\"><package name=\"\"><package>\u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc (GUI) \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc (GUI) \u0628\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 (CLI) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/package><\/package><\/package><\/package>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-sudo-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sudo \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u00ab\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 sudo-enabled (sudoer) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sudo \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 root \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 sudoer \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f).<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>non-root-user@ubuntu:~# sudo &lt;command you want to run&gt;\r\nPassword:<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sudo \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0647 sudoer \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-cal-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cal \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061f \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u06cc\u0641\u062a\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u062e\u0628\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cal \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cal \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# cal\r\nroot@ubuntu:~# cal March 2024<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114306\/cal-command-output-80x104.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"349\"  height=\"455\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16862 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114306\/cal-command-output.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114306\/cal-command-output.png 349w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114306\/cal-command-output-230x300.png 230w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114306\/cal-command-output-110x143.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114306\/cal-command-output-200x261.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114306\/cal-command-output-255x332.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114306\/cal-command-output-300x391.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114306\/cal-command-output-80x104.png 80w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114306\/cal-command-output-61x80.png 61w\" ><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0642\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a! \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0634\u06af\u0641\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-alias\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 alias<\/h2>\n<p>\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f rm -r \u06cc\u0627 ls -l \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f tar -xvzf \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 alias \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>alias \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# alias lsl=\"ls -l\"\r\nOR\r\nroot@ubuntu:~# alias rmd=\"rm -r\"<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 lsl \u06cc\u0627 rmd \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-dd-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 dd \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f USB \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 dd \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 &#8220;data-description&#8221; \u06cc\u0627 &#8220;data definition&#8221; \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 dd \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# dd if=\/dev\/sdb of=\/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0622\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc if \u0648 of \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0646\u0627\u06a9 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 (syntax) \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-whereis-%d9%88-whatis\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a whereis \u0648 whatis<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a whereis \u0648 whatis \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 whereis \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 whatis \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# whereis sudo\r\nsudo: \/usr\/bin\/sudo \/usr\/lib\/sudo \/usr\/share\/man\/man8\/sudo.8.gz<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 whatis \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# whatis sudo\r\nsudo (8) - execute a command as another user<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-top-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 top \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u0686\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ps \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645. \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ps \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 top \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 CLI \u0627\u0632 task manager \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 top \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0646\u06af \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 CPU\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output-80x32.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"911\"  height=\"367\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16863 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 911px) 100vw, 911px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output.png 911w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output-768x309.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output-110x44.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output-200x81.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output-380x153.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output-255x103.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output-550x222.png 550w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output-800x322.png 800w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27114824\/top-command-output-80x32.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<div class=\"pk-alert pk-alert-info pk-alert-multiline\" role=\"alert\" >\n\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647: \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 top \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# top -o MEM<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# top -p PID<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc PID\u060c \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# top -n 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u0639\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-useradd-%d9%88-usermod\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a useradd \u0648 usermod<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a useradd \u0648 usermod \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a useradd \u06cc\u0627 adduser \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 adduser \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 useradd \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# useradd JournalDev -d \/home\/JD<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 JournalDev \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \/home\/JD \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 usermod \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# usermod JournalDev -a -G sudo, audio, mysql<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-passwd-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 passwd \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 passwd \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 passwd \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# passwd username<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc username\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# passwd -f username<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# passwd -e -n days -w warndays username<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc days \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc warm days \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 passwd \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27115736\/passwd-command-80x18.png\"  alt=\"\"  width=\"522\"  height=\"119\"  class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16864 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 522px) 100vw, 522px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27115736\/passwd-command.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27115736\/passwd-command.png 522w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27115736\/passwd-command-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27115736\/passwd-command-110x25.png 110w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27115736\/passwd-command-200x46.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27115736\/passwd-command-380x87.png 380w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27115736\/passwd-command-255x58.png 255w, https:\/\/cdn.itpiran.net\/2025\/08\/27115736\/passwd-command-80x18.png 80w\" ><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%ac-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%b4%da%a9%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%af%d8%a7%db%8c%db%8c\">\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0632\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0648 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u062d\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"%db%b1-%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%b9-%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-command-not-found\">\u06f1. \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u00abCommand not found\u00bb<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc command not found \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u062e \u062f\u0647\u062f:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b apt\u060c yum\u060c dnf) \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<br \/>\n\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>bash: xyz: command not found<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>which xyz\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\"><code>apt-get install &lt;package-name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>export PATH=$PATH:\/path\/to\/command<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u06a9\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id=\"2-%d8%ad%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b4%da%a9%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%b2-%d8%a8%d8%a7-sudo\">2. \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627 sudo<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 sudo \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a superuser \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>sudo command_name<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4 id=\"3-%d9%85%d8%af%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%84-%d9%81%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%84%d9%87%d8%a7\">3. \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u062e \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 (VCS): \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06af\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>git merge &lt;branch_name&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u06af\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>git add &lt;resolved_file&gt;\r\ngit commit -m \"Resolved merge conflict\"<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>2.\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0641\u0644\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc: \u0642\u0641\u0644\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0632 flock \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>\u200e''''\u200e\u200f\u200e \u200eflock -x &lt;file&gt; -c \"&lt;command&gt;\"\u200e\u200f\u200e \u200e ...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>3.\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0645\u06cc: \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>mv temp_file target_file<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0632 mv \u0628\u0627 -f (\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc) \u06cc\u0627 cp \u0628\u0627 -i (\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>mv -f file1 file2\r\ncp -i file1 file2<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"%db%b4-%d8%a7%d8%b4%da%a9%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%af%d8%a7%db%8c%db%8c-%da%af%d9%84%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%af\">\u06f4. \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0632\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0632\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li>\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647: \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f top\u060c htop\u060c vmstat \u0648 iostat \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f (CPU\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\/\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>top<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627: \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u062f: \u06a9\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f: \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f gprof\u060c perf \u06cc\u0627 valgrind \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.\n<div class=\"hcb_wrap\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<pre class=\"prism line-numbers lang-bash\" data-lang=\"Bash\" dir=\"ltr\"><code>gprof &lt;\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc&gt; gmon.out<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84\">\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n<h4 id=\"%db%b1-%d9%be%d8%b1%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%aa%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3-%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%86%d8%af\">\u06f1. \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h4>\n<p>\u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 cd\u060c ls\u060c mkdir\u060c rm\u060c cp\u060c mv\u060c echo\u060c cat\u060c grep\u060c find\u060c man\u060c sudo\u060c apt-get\u060c ssh\u060c ping\u060c df\u060c du\u060c free\u060c top\u060c ps\u060c kill\u060c killall\u060c service\u060c systemctl\u060c reboot\u060c shutdown\u060c whoami\u060c uname\u060c uptime\u060c history \u0648 clear \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"%db%b2-%da%86%da%af%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87-%d9%85%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%85-%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%af\">\u06f2. \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u0645\u061f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 compgen -c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"%db%b3-%da%86%da%af%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87-%d9%85%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%85-%db%8c%da%a9-%d9%81%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%84-%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3-%d9%be\">\u06f3. \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u0645\u061f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 find \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc find &lt;path&gt; -name &#8220;&lt;filename&gt;&#8221; \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 &lt;path&gt; \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 &lt;filename&gt; \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u200e\/home\/user -name &#8220;example.txt&#8221; \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"%db%b4-%da%86%da%af%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87-%db%8c%da%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a2%db%8c%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3-kill-%da%a9%d9%86%d9%85%d8%9f\">\u06f4. \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 kill \u06a9\u0646\u0645\u061f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 kill\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 kill \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f (PID) \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f kill \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ps \u06cc\u0627 top \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0633\u067e\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 kill \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646 PID \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c kill 1234\u060c \u06a9\u0647 1234 PID \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"%db%b5-%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%aa-%d8%a8%db%8c%d9%86-cp-%d9%88-mv-%da%86%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%9f\">\u06f5. \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 cp \u0648 mv \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cp \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 mv \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. cp \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 mv \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"%db%b6-%da%86%da%af%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87-%d9%85%db%8c%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b8%d9%87-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%84%db%8c\">\u06f6. \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0645\u061f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 free \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 swap \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u200efree -h\u200e \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 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