Bir sistem y\u00f6neticisi olarak ustala\u015fman\u0131z gereken temel ara\u00e7lardan biri SSH'dir. SSH veya G\u00fcvenli Kabuk, uzak sistemlere g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde giri\u015f yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir protokold\u00fcr. Linux sunucular\u0131na uzaktan eri\u015fmenin en yayg\u0131n yoludur. Bu k\u0131lavuzda, uzak bir sisteme ba\u011flanmak i\u00e7in SSH'nin nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
SSH kullanarak uzak bir sisteme ba\u011flanmak i\u00e7in ssh komutunu kullan\u0131r\u0131z. Windows kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, terminalden ssh ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kurabilmek i\u00e7in bir OpenSSH s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc y\u00fcklemeniz gerekir. PowerShell'de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 tercih ediyorsan\u0131z, PowerShell'e OpenSSH eklemek i\u00e7in Microsoft belgelerini takip edebilirsiniz. Tam bir Linux ortam\u0131na sahip olmak istiyorsan\u0131z, varsay\u0131lan olarak ssh i\u00e7eren Linux i\u00e7in Windows Alt Sistemi olan WSL'yi kurabilirsiniz. Son olarak, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir hafif se\u00e7enek olarak, ssh komutunu i\u00e7eren bir Windows bash terminal ortam\u0131 sa\u011flayan Windows i\u00e7in Git'i y\u00fckleyebilirsiniz. Bunlar\u0131n her biri iyi desteklenir ve hangisini kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z tamamen tercihinize ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Mac veya Linux kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, terminalinizde ssh komutu zaten mevcut olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Komutun en basit hali \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n
ssh remote_host<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nBu \u00f6rnekte remote_host, ba\u011flanmak istedi\u011finiz IP adresi veya etki alan\u0131 ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bu komut, uzak sistemdeki kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yerel sistemdeki kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131zla ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu varsayar.<\/p>\n
Uzak sistemde kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131z farkl\u0131ysa, bunu \u015fu s\u00f6zdizimini kullanarak belirtebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
\nssh remote_username@remote_host<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nSunucuya ba\u011fland\u0131ktan sonra, bir parola girerek kimli\u011finizi do\u011frulaman\u0131z istenebilir. Parolalar yerine kullan\u0131lacak anahtarlar\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00fcretilece\u011fine daha sonra bakaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
SSH'den \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p yerel kabu\u011funuza d\u00f6nmek i\u00e7in \u015funu yaz\u0131n:<\/p>\n
\nexit<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nSSH nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h2>\n
SSH, bir istemci program\u0131n\u0131 sshd adl\u0131 bir ssh sunucusuna ba\u011flayarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, istemci program\u0131 ssh'ydi. Ssh sunucusu, belirtti\u011fimiz uzak_ana_bilgisayarda zaten \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Hemen hemen t\u00fcm Linux ortamlar\u0131nda, sshd sunucusu otomatik olarak ba\u015flat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Herhangi bir nedenle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorsa, sunucunuza web tabanl\u0131 bir konsol veya yerel seri konsol arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ge\u00e7ici olarak eri\u015fmeniz gerekebilir. Ssh sunucusunu ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in gereken i\u015flem, kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ubuntu'da ssh sunucusunu ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in \u015funu yazabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
\nsudo systemctl start ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nBu sshd sunucusunu ba\u015flatacakt\u0131r ve sonras\u0131nda uzaktan oturum a\u00e7abilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
SSH nas\u0131l yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r<\/h2>\n
SSH yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finizde, sshd sunucusunun ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirirsiniz. Ubuntu'da ana sshd yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config konumunda bulunur. D\u00fczenlemeden \u00f6nce, bu dosyan\u0131n g\u00fcncel s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yedekleyin:<\/p>\n
\nsudo cp \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config{,.bak}<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nNano'yu veya favori metin d\u00fczenleyicinizi kullanarak a\u00e7\u0131n:<\/p>\n
\nsudo nano \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nBu dosyadaki se\u00e7eneklerin \u00e7o\u011funu oldu\u011fu gibi b\u0131rakmak isteyeceksiniz. Ancak, g\u00f6z atmak isteyebilece\u011finiz birka\u00e7 se\u00e7enek var:<\/p>\n
\nPort 22<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nPort bildirimi, sshd sunucusunun ba\u011flant\u0131lar i\u00e7in hangi portu dinleyece\u011fini belirtir. Varsay\u0131lan olarak bu de\u011fer 22'dir. \u00d6zel bir nedeniniz yoksa bu ayar\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi b\u0131rakmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. Portunuzu de\u011fi\u015ftirirseniz, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yeni porta nas\u0131l ba\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6sterece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
\nHostKey \/etc\/ssh\/ssh_host_rsa_key\r\nHostKey \/etc\/ssh\/ssh_host_dsa_key\r\nHostKey \/etc\/ssh\/ssh_host_ecdsa_key<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nAna bilgisayar anahtar\u0131 bildirimleri, genel ana bilgisayar anahtarlar\u0131n\u0131n nerede aranaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Ana bilgisayar anahtar\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu daha sonra ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
\nSyslogFacility AUTH\r\nLogLevel INFO<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nBu iki madde, ne d\u00fczeyde g\u00fcnl\u00fck kayd\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
E\u011fer SSH ile ilgili sorun ya\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z, kay\u0131t oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak sorunu tespit etmenin iyi bir yolu olabilir.<\/p>\n
\nLoginGraceTime 120\r\nPermitRootLogin yes\r\nStrictModes yes<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nBu parametreler baz\u0131 giri\u015f bilgilerini belirtir.<\/p>\n
LoginGraceTime, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir oturum a\u00e7ma i\u015flemi yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7 saniye a\u00e7\u0131k tutulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu s\u00fcreyi normal bir oturum a\u00e7ma s\u00fcresinden biraz daha uzun olarak ayarlamak iyi bir fikir olabilir. PermitRootLogin, k\u00f6k kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n oturum a\u00e7mas\u0131na izin verilip verilmeyece\u011fini belirler. \u00c7o\u011fu durumda, y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara sahip (su veya sudo arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla) ve sunucunuza k\u00f6k eri\u015fimi riskini en aza indirmek i\u00e7in ssh \u00fczerinden oturum a\u00e7abilen bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesab\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funuzda bu de\u011fer "hay\u0131r" olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmelidir. .strictModes, kimlik do\u011frulama dosyalar\u0131 herkes taraf\u0131ndan okunabilirse oturum a\u00e7ma giri\u015fimlerini reddeden bir g\u00fcvenlik korumas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131 g\u00fcvenli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oturum a\u00e7ma giri\u015fimlerini engeller.<\/p>\n
\nX11Forwarding yes\r\nX11DisplayOffset 10<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nBu parametreler, X11 Y\u00f6nlendirme adl\u0131 bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zellik, uzak bir sistemin grafiksel kullan\u0131c\u0131 aray\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc (GUI) yerel sistemde g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemenizi sa\u011flar. Bu se\u00e7enek sunucuda etkinle\u015ftirilmeli ve bir SSH istemcisine -X se\u00e7ene\u011fiyle ba\u011flan\u0131rken verilmelidir. De\u011fi\u015fikliklerinizi yapt\u0131ktan sonra dosyay\u0131 kaydedip kapat\u0131n. Nano kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, Ctrl+X tu\u015flar\u0131na, ard\u0131ndan istendi\u011finde Y ve Enter tu\u015flar\u0131na bas\u0131n. \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config dosyas\u0131nda herhangi bir ayar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdiyseniz, de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinizi uygulamak i\u00e7in sshd sunucunuzu yeniden y\u00fckledi\u011finizden emin olun:<\/p>\n
\nsudo systemctl reload ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nDe\u011fi\u015fikliklerinizin bekledi\u011finiz gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 bir test yapmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. De\u011fi\u015fiklik yaparken birka\u00e7 terminal oturumunun a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131 iyi bir fikir olabilir. Bu, gerekirse kendinizi kilitlemeden yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 geri alman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Anahtarlarla SSH'ye nas\u0131l giri\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2>\n
Uzaktan \u015fifre kullanarak oturum a\u00e7mak faydal\u0131 olsa da, anahtar tabanl\u0131 kimlik do\u011frulamay\u0131 ayarlamak daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve daha g\u00fcvenlidir.<\/p>\n
Anahtar tabanl\u0131 kimlik do\u011frulama nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h5>\n
Anahtar tabanl\u0131 kimlik do\u011frulama, bir anahtar \u00e7ifti olu\u015fturarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r: \u00f6zel anahtar ve genel anahtar. \u00d6zel anahtar istemci makinesinde bulunur ve g\u00fcvenli ve gizli tutulur. Genel anahtar herkese verilebilir veya eri\u015fmek istedi\u011finiz herhangi bir sunucuya yerle\u015ftirilebilir. Bir anahtar \u00e7ifti kullanarak ba\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, sunucu genel anahtar\u0131 kullanarak istemci bilgisayar i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zel anahtar taraf\u0131ndan okunabilen bir mesaj olu\u015fturur. \u0130stemci bilgisayar daha sonra sunucuya uygun yan\u0131t\u0131 g\u00f6nderir ve sunucu, istemcinin ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu bilir. Bu i\u015flem, anahtarlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra otomatik olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n
SSH anahtarlar\u0131 nas\u0131l olu\u015fturulur?<\/h5>\n
SSH anahtarlar\u0131, oturum a\u00e7mak istedi\u011finiz bilgisayarda olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu genellikle yerel bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Komut sat\u0131r\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakileri girin:<\/p>\n
\nssh-keygen -t rsa<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nAnahtar dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n kendileri i\u00e7in bir parola belirlemeniz istenebilir, ancak bu olduk\u00e7a nadir g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir uygulamad\u0131r ve varsay\u0131lanlar\u0131 kabul etmek i\u00e7in komutlar aras\u0131nda Enter tu\u015funa basman\u0131z gerekir. Anahtarlar\u0131n\u0131z ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa.pub ve ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa dizinlerinde olu\u015fturulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kodu yazarak .ssh dizinine ge\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
\ncd ~\/.ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nDosya izinlerine bakal\u0131m:<\/p>\n
\nls -l<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n\nOutput\r\n-rw-r--r-- 1 demo demo 807 Sep 9 22:15 authorized_keys\r\n-rw------- 1 demo demo 1679 Sep 9 23:13 id_rsa\r\n-rw-r--r-- 1 demo demo 396 Sep 9 23:13 id_rsa.pub<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nG\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi, id_rsa dosyas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca sahibi taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir ve yaz\u0131labilir. Bu, dosyan\u0131n gizli kalmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n
Ancak id_rsa.pub dosyas\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131labilir ve bu aktivite i\u00e7in uygun izinlere sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Genel anahtar sunucuya nas\u0131l aktar\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h5>\n
\u015eu anda bir sunucuya parola tabanl\u0131 eri\u015fiminiz varsa, \u015fu komutu vererek genel anahtar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 sunucuya kopyalayabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
\nssh-copy-id remote_host<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nBu, bir SSH oturumu ba\u015flatacakt\u0131r. Parolan\u0131z\u0131 girdikten sonra, genel anahtar\u0131n\u0131z sunucunun yetkili anahtarlar dosyas\u0131na kopyalanacak ve bir sonraki sefer parolas\u0131z oturum a\u00e7man\u0131za olanak tan\u0131yacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130stemci taraf\u0131 se\u00e7enekleri<\/h2>\n
SSH \u00fczerinden ba\u011flan\u0131rken kullanabilece\u011finiz birka\u00e7 iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 komut vard\u0131r. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131, uzak sunucunun sshd yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131ndaki ayarlarla e\u015fle\u015fmek i\u00e7in gerekli olabilir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, sshd yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131zdaki port numaras\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdiyseniz, istemci taraf\u0131nda bu portu \u015fu komutu yazarak e\u015fle\u015ftirmeniz gerekir:<\/p>\n
\nssh -p port_number remote_host<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nUzak bir sistemde yaln\u0131zca bir komut \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak istiyorsan\u0131z, bunu ana bilgisayardan sonra \u015fu \u015fekilde belirtebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
\nssh remote_host command_to_run<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nUzaktaki cihaza ba\u011flan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z, kimlik do\u011frulamas\u0131 yapars\u0131n\u0131z ve komut y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Daha \u00f6nce de s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi, e\u011fer X11 Forwarding her iki bilgisayarda da etkinse, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu yazarak bu i\u015flevselli\u011fe eri\u015febilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
\nssh -X remote_host<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nBilgisayar\u0131n\u0131zda do\u011fru ara\u00e7lara sahip oldu\u011funuz s\u00fcrece, uzak sistemde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z GUI programlar\u0131 art\u0131k yerel sisteminizde kendi pencerelerini a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Parola do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak<\/h2>\n
SSH anahtarlar\u0131 olu\u015fturduysan\u0131z, yaln\u0131zca parola ile kimlik do\u011frulamay\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakarak sunucunuzun g\u00fcvenli\u011fini art\u0131rabilirsiniz. Konsol d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, sunucunuza giri\u015f yapman\u0131n tek yolu, sunucuya y\u00fckledi\u011finiz genel anahtarla e\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00f6zel anahtar\u0131 kullanmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Root veya sudo ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131na sahip bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olarak sshd yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131n:<\/p>\n
\nsudo nano \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nParola do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren sat\u0131r\u0131 bulun ve ba\u015f\u0131ndaki #'yi kald\u0131rarak silin. Ard\u0131ndan de\u011ferini "hay\u0131r" olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
\nPasswordAuthentication no<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nDe\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi gerekmeyen di\u011fer iki ayar (bu dosyay\u0131 hen\u00fcz de\u011fi\u015ftirmediyseniz) PubkeyAuthentication ve ChallengeResponseAuthentication'd\u0131r. Bunlar varsay\u0131lan olarak ayarl\u0131d\u0131r ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi olmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\nPubkeyAuthentication yes\r\nChallengeResponseAuthentication no<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nDe\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yapt\u0131ktan sonra dosyay\u0131 kaydedip kapat\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Art\u0131k SSH daemon'unu yeniden y\u00fckleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
\nsudo systemctl reload ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nParola do\u011frulamas\u0131 art\u0131k devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131 ve sunucunuza yaln\u0131zca SSH anahtar do\u011frulamas\u0131 yoluyla eri\u015filebilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n
SSH kullanmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek, gelecekteki bulut bili\u015fim giri\u015fimleriniz i\u00e7in \u00e7ok faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 se\u00e7enekleri kulland\u0131k\u00e7a, hayat\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rabilecek daha geli\u015fmi\u015f i\u015flevler ke\u015ffedeceksiniz. SSH, g\u00fcvenli, hafif ve \u00e7e\u015fitli durumlarda kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in pop\u00fclerli\u011fini korumu\u015ftur.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Giri\u015f Sistem y\u00f6neticisi olarak ustala\u015fman\u0131z gereken temel ara\u00e7lardan biri SSH'dir. SSH veya G\u00fcvenli Kabuk\u2026","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14680,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 SSH \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_yoast_wpseo_opengraph-description":"","_yoast_wpseo_opengraph-image":"","_yoast_wpseo_twitter-description":"","_yoast_wpseo_twitter-image":"","_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":"193","footnotes":""},"categories":[193,204],"tags":[393,226],"class_list":{"0":"post-14678","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-tutorials","8":"category-servers","9":"tag-ssh","10":"tag-226"},"yoast_head":"\n
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